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The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale

The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a 1-5 rating based on the hurricane's present intensity. This is used to give an estimate of the potential property damage and flooding expected along the coast from a hurricane landfall. Wind speed is the determining factor in the scale, as storm surge values are highly dependent on the slope of the ...

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TheSaffirSimpsonHurricaneScale
Biology

Word Power of the Very Young

Before they turn 2, most children have a vocabulary of about 50 words. From 1st to 5th grades, according to some estimates, their vocabulary increases by about 30,000 words. That's 20 words a day! How ... Continue reading

WordPowerChildren
Astronomy

Voyager Phone Home

After historic visits to Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager 1 is now on course to be the first human-made object to leave our solar system. In space for more than 25 years, it has already traveled farther ... Continue reading

Voyager
Astronomy

Microbes In Space

There are creatures that were living on the Space Station before the first astronauts went inside. Astronauts found a few living on the Moon. Scientists believe they could even live on Mars. These ... Continue reading

MicrobesInSpace
Chemistry

How Sublime

Show of hands. How many of you can't resist playing with dry ice? Dry ice is carbon dioxide frozen to -109.3 degrees F (-78.5 C). Throw a piece in water and it bubbles and boils. Expose a piece to air ... Continue reading

DryIce

Marmaduke and the Taco Bell Chihuahua Are Cousins

MarmadukeYou would never think Marmaduke, the enormous great dane of the newspaper cartoons, and the tiny Taco Bell chihuahua are close relatives. But the fact is, ALL dogs are pretty close relatives. Scientists now believe that all dogs, including the semi-wild dingoes of Australia, Arctic huskies, Shetland sheepdogs, great danes and tiny chihuahuas, are descended from only two original domestic dogs. DNA evidence also suggests that dogs are all derived from wolves, not coyotes or jackals.

The DNA evidence further suggests that dogs were first domesticated about 100,000 years ago. However, the first dog fossils, found in Europe and Asia, date from only 14,000 years ago. The scientists who did the DNA study think that early dogs looked so much like wolves that they can't be distinguished from them in the fossil record until about 14,000 years ago. People later took their dogs with them as they spread out over the globe, to Australia, the New World, and the Pacific Islands. Wild dogs recently discovered in the southeastern United States may be descended from the dogs kept by the Native Americans.

Domestic dogs are smaller than their wild forebears, with smaller brains, less acute senses, and smaller teeth. In appearance and behavior, they are immature, puppy-like wolves.