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Brain Waves

Your brainwaves normally vary from a low vibrational state of about one Hz ('Hertz,' or vibrations per second) to a high of about 30 Hz. The highest-frequency vibrations, ranging from about 13 to 30 Hz, are called beta waves. When your brain is in a beta state, it's in a high state of alertness. Alpha waves are somewhat slower, from 8 to 13 Hz. If ...

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BrainWaves
Science

Inventor Samuel Pierpont Langley

Born in the Boston suburb of Roxbury, Ma., Samuel Langley was one of America's most accomplished scientists. His work as an astronomy, physics, and aeronautics pioneer was highly regarded by the ... Continue reading

SamuelPierpontLangley
Astronomy

What Is Microgravity?

Gravity is a force that governs motion throughout the universe. It holds us to the ground and keeps the Earth in orbit around the Sun. Microgravity describes the environment in orbital space flight, ... Continue reading

Microgravity
Biology

See You Later Crocodile, In A While Alligator

Name a reptile that is really big, has lots of teeth and has been around for millions and millions of years. If you guessed an alligator, you'd be right. If you guessed a crocodile, you'd also be ... Continue reading

SeeYouLaterCrocodile
Engineering

High Altitude

Have you ever read the directions on a box of cake mix? There are special instructions for high-altitude baking. Has anyone who visited the Rocky Mountains told you how hard it was to breathe there? ... Continue reading

HighAltitude

Was Popeye Wrong?

SpinachWhen you think of Popeye the Sailor what is the first thing that comes to your mind? It is probably spinach. Popeye used to get extraordinary strength as soon as he munched down a can of spinach. Why was that?

In 1930's, when this cartoon character was invented, people believed that spinach contained amazing amounts of iron, a mineral metal that gives strength and endurance. The problem was that Dr. Wolfe, a German scientist who determined the nutritional value of spinach in 1890's, made a mistake by a factor of ten! All those years people believed that spinach had ten times more iron that it actually does. Ironically, we now know that the iron in spinach is locked up with oxalic acid and can't be used by the body. In addition, spinach contains phytate, a chemical that prevents iron from entering the bloodstream. So, spinach is actually an iron-blocker!

Does this mean that all those wonderful Popeye cartoons are sending the wrong message to kids about the importance of eating spinach? … Not at all! It turns out that the message is truer today than ever. We now know that spinach contains carotenoids, including beta-carotene (which may protect from some types of cancer) and lutein (which is good for healthy eyes). It also contains quercetin, a phytochemical with antioxidant properties; which ensures healthy lung formation in children. Spinach is also rich in vitamins and minerals, folic acid, vitamin K, etc. Just one cup of spinach has about 100% of US recommended daily intake of vitamin A which is great at boosting one's immune system.