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Life In The Extreme

Lowly microbes just may be the toughest living things on Earth. They have learned to survive, and indeed flourish, in the harshest environment imaginable, deep-sea rifts. These rifts are chains of undersea active volcanoes that stretch across the ocean floor. Super-hot roiling lava from deep within the Earth's core, plumes of sulfuric particles, ...

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Microbes
Mathematics

How To Calculate The Area Of A Right Cone

The cone is another three-dimensional shape based on the circle. You could think of it as the cross between a circle and a right triangle. Its properties will have features of both shapes, and this ... Continue reading

AreaOfARight Cone
Biology

Can You Drink Too Much Water?

Body fluids account for over 70% of an average adult's body. Our body fluids are composed of water and substances called electrolytes. Dissolved in water, these materials develop tiny electrical ... Continue reading

TooMuchWater
Biology

Splitting Hairs

Pluck a single strand of hair from your head and you've lost what scientists call the hair shaft. The shaft is made of three layers, each inside the other. The outer casing is the cuticle. Under an ... Continue reading

SplittingHairs
Engineering

How We Use Crystals To Tell Time

Quartz clock operation is based on the piezoelectric property of quartz crystals. If you apply an electric field to the crystal, it changes its shape, and if you squeeze it or bend it, it generates an ... Continue reading

Crystals

Can Wint-O-Green Lifesavers® Light up Your Life?

WintOGreenLifesaversNext time you're bored, grab a pack of Wint-O-Green Lifesavers® and lock yourself in the bathroom. Shut the blinds and make sure the room is pitch black. Allow your eyes to adjust and open the pack of lifesavers. Bear your teeth and bite a Wint-O-Green Lifesaver® in half. Bite the Lifesaver® some more, and try not to get them wet. Did you see sparks? Wow!

When light flashes due to a material being fractured or deformed, it is called triboluminescence; tribo meaning 'friction' and luminescence meaning 'to emit light'. For almost three hundred years, scientists didn't know what was causing these sparks to occur. Now, they attribute it to an asymmetry in a crystal that shifts or relaxes when the crystal is crushed or deformed. The energy given off when this asymmetry relaxes comes in the form of light.

Wint-O-Green Lifesavers® are made from sugar and wintergreen flavoring. The sugar forms a crystal, and the wintergreen flavoring is the impurity needed to give the crystal an asymmetric structure. Other materials do this too, such as adhesive tape and sugar cubes. So, next time you want to freshen your breath, remember, you are also creating electric sparks!