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High Altitude

Have you ever read the directions on a box of cake mix? There are special instructions for high-altitude baking. Has anyone who visited the Rocky Mountains told you how hard it was to breathe there? Have you ever wondered why pilots who fly in high-flying planes wear breathing masks? In higher altitudes, reduced air pressure makes it harder for ...

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HighAltitude
Biology

West Indian Manatee, (Trichechus manatus)

Christopher Columbus was the first European to report seeing a manatee in the New World. To Columbus, and other sailors who had been at sea for a long time, manatees were reminiscent of mermaids -- ... Continue reading

WestIndianManatee
Astronomy

Look, Up in the Sky. It's A Bird. No It's A Meteorite!

Most folks probably think of swallows and the ringing of the Mission bells when the words San Juan Capistrano are heard or seen. This is a popular tradition that celebrates the return of cliff ... Continue reading

MeteoriteSky
Medicine

What's So Bad About Cholesterol?

Cholesterol has a worse reputation than it deserves. This waxy lipid (a kind of fat) is essential to good health. It builds the membranes that hold cells together. It's used in making certain hormones ... Continue reading

Cholesterol
Biology

How Biological Clocks Work

Anyone who has traveled has experienced jet lag—that groggy realization that while your day is beginning in Washington, DC, the night you just left in San Francisco is hardly over. Jet lag is an ... Continue reading

HowBiologicalClocksWork

When Chlorine Met Sodium...

WhenChlorineMetSodiumSodium is a required element in human physiology. The eleventh element in the periodic table, sodium is a soft, silvery white metal that can be easily cut through with a paring knife. It is highly reactive, and reacts readily and vigorously with water to produce sodium hydroxide, giving off a great deal of heat in the process. It would react as vigorously and more with body fluids and stomach acid.

Chlorine is a required element in human physiology. The seventeenth element in the periodic table, chlorine is a pungent, yellowish-green gas that has been used as an agent of chemical warfare. It causes blindness on contact, blistering, pulmonary edema, and destroys the lining of the lungs. It is commonly used as a bleaching agent because of its ready ability to eliminate unwanted colors and odors by destroying the molecules responsible for them.

When metallic sodium and chlorine gas are allowed to come into contact with each other, a very energetic reaction occurs in which the sodium metal actually bursts into flame. The union of these two elements produces one of the most innocuous materials known: sodium chloride, common table salt.