ScienceIQ.com

The First Starlight

Imagine being able to see our Universe 14 billion years ago when it was just a baby. If we had a time machine, we could go back and watch how its infant features emerged after the Big Bang. There are many questions about that early time: Which came first, stars or galaxies? Did stars appear one at a time, or in massive flurries of simultaneous ...

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FirstStarlight
Astronomy

Lunar Explorations

Ever since the beginning of intelligent life on Earth, the moon has been a focal point of human curiosity. Galileo’s discovery in 1610 that the moon had craters, valleys and mountains, instead of the ... Continue reading

LunarExplorations
Engineering

For Want Of An O-Ring

Who can forget the Challenger disaster of 1986, the culprit, a failed O-ring. But what exactly is an O-ring and how did it cause the destruction of this space shuttle? When surfaces are flat, gaskets ... Continue reading

ForWantOfAnORing
Physics

Ultraviolet Light

Ultraviolet light is a form of radiation which is not visible to the human eye. It's in an invisible part of the 'electromagnetic spectrum'. Radiated energy, or radiation, is given off by many ... Continue reading

UltravioletLight
Geology

Under The Crust

Three centuries ago, the English scientist Isaac Newton calculated, from his studies of planets and the force of gravity, that the average density of the Earth is twice that of surface rocks and ... Continue reading

UnderTheCrust

Is It Sexism or Racism?

SexismRacismCan you judge a cat by the color of its coat? Well, you can judge the gender by the color of its coat! Only 1 in 27 orange cats are girls, and more surprisingly, only 1 in 3000 calico cats are males!

Like humans, female cats have two X chromosomes and male cats have one X and one Y chromosome. The color of a cat's coat is determined by genes in the X chromosome. The X chromosome carries the black fur gene or the orange fur gene, not both. For a female cat to have calico markings, one of the X chromosomes needs to have the black fur gene, and the other needs to have the orange fur gene. Since male cats have only one X chromosome, it is not possible for them to be orange and black, at least not usually.

Sometimes, an egg cell will have two X chromosomes instead of one, or a sperm cell will have one X and one Y chromosome when it should only have one or the other. The cat will end up with the combination XXY, an extra chromosome! This also happens in humans and is called 'Klinefelter's Syndrome'. In cats, one X chromosome can have the black fur gene, and the other the orange fur gene. The result is a calico male cat that is usually sterile. The next time you see a calico or an orange tabby, you probably can judge whether it's a boy or a girl, and it isn't sexism or racism, it's genetics! Make a bet with someone!