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Saturn: The Basics

To ancient astronomers, Saturn was a wandering light near the edge of the known universe. The planet and its rings have been objects of beauty and wonder ever since Galileo noticed the 'cup handles' that seemed attached to a round world. Saturn is a smaller version of Jupiter, made up of a similar mix of gases, mostly the very light hydrogen and ...

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SaturnTheBasics
Astronomy

Exercising In Space

What did astronaut Shannon Lucid like least about her six months on Space Station Mir? The daily exercise. 'It was just downright hard,' she wrote in Scientific American (May 1998). 'I had to put on a ... Continue reading

ExercisingInSpace
Astronomy

Does The Sun Go A Bit Wobbly?

Our Sun may seem an enduring, unwavering beacon in the sky, but in truth it has a 'heartbeat' of sorts--a pulsation between dimmer and brighter phases so slow that it only 'beats' 9 times each ... Continue reading

WobblySun
Engineering

Don't Blow A Gasket!

Don't blow a gasket! Who hasn't heard this old adage at some time? What does it actually mean, and for that matter, what is a gasket? Gaskets are simple structures used to fill in and seal the spaces ... Continue reading

DontBlowAGasket
Chemistry

Uses Of Hydrocarbons

The hydrocarbons are the most broadly used organic compounds known, and are quite literally the driving force of western civilization. The greatest amounts of hydrocarbons are used as fuel for ... Continue reading

UsesOfHydrocarbons

Giant Cloned Monster Loose In Mediterranean Sea

CaulerpaNative Caulerpa taxifolia is found in and around the waters of Florida and the Caribbean. It is a smallish, yet hardy saltwater plant that grows rapidly and is ideal for use in aquariums with diverse conditions. It does, though, require consistent light and warm temperatures to flourish. In other words, it occupies an ecological niche. The Stuttgart Aquarium in Germany tried to improve on Mother Nature and succeeded in developing a hardier variety. Apparently, they were pleased with the result. Their cloned version, however, little-resembled the native species. It was Caulerpa-on-steroids, fast growing and even hardier, comfortable both in warm and cold water, and in low-light environments. Rather than the diminutive native plant, this monster grew tall and strong. C. taxifolia proved so popular that it was soon found in public aquariums in France and Monaco. By 1984, it was a popular specimen in home aquariums. Better living through science.

Sometime around 1984, a small amount of our killer algae escaped from the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco into the Mediterranean Sea. Scientists estimated this original patch to be about a square yard. The patch liked its new home so much it grew and grew and grew. By 1989 it had blanketed over 2 square acres (.8 ha) of the sea floor. If this weren't bad enough, Caulerpa taxifolia was not a nice neighbor. It choked out native plants in its path, and altered fish populations as it rippled through the ecosystem. Fish that ate fish that ate plants, and so on. It impacted coastal towns, the fishing industry, tourism and much more. Talk about lack of diversity. Today, that little patch in the Mediterranean Sea covers over 14,000 acres (about 57 km) in a jungle of 10-foot (3 m) deep algae. It is clearly a man-made ecological disaster.