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West Nile Virus Spreads Through United States

Viruses have been the scourge of humankind throughout history. Our most feared diseases, AIDS, smallpox, rabies and even the common cold, are all caused by viruses. Now, a dangerous Old World virus has made its first appearance in the United States. It is called the West Nile virus and it has been increasingly in the news, showing up first in New ...

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WestNileVirus
Astronomy

Powerful Quasars

Quasars appear as distant, highly luminous objects that look like stars. Strong evidence now exists that a quasar is produced by gas falling into a supermassive black hole in the center of a galaxy. ... Continue reading

PowerfulQuasars
Biology

Coffee: Beverage Of Sedition

Coffee is the most popular drink in the world, consumed regularly by about one-third of the global population. Tea runs a close second. And then, of course, there's Coca-Cola. Why are coffee, tea, and ... Continue reading

CoffeeBeverageOfSedition
Biology

Ergot, Witches & Rye. Oh My!

Did you know that a disease of rye is connected to LSD and witches? Ergot is caused by a fungus that attacks a number of cereal grains, but rye is most severely infected. The healthy grains are ... Continue reading

ErgotWitchesRyeOhMy
Geology

Igneous Rocks, Born of Fire

Rocks are naturally occurring solid mixtures of substances primarily made of minerals. There are three kinds of rock on earth - igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock. Sedimentary rock forms from ... Continue reading

IgneousRocksBornofFire

A Tickle is All in the Timing

TickleIt's often been noted that no matter how hard you might try, you can't tickle yourself. Why not? Whether it's your finger or someone else's, a prod in the ribs is a prod in the ribs. Why should only one of two objectively identical stimuli evoke a tickle response? The answer lies in the fact that it's your brain that creates the sensations of a tickle, not your ribs. Every second of your waking life, your brain is making predictions about the consequences of your own movements, so that it knows what it has to react to and what it can ignore. As long as the actual incoming sensory information matches the anticipated sensory consequences of self-initiated movements, it's tuned out, or at least turned down.

Brain scanning technology allows us to see what's going on in the brain when that happens. It appears to be a part of the brain called the cerebellum, a brain stem structure generally involved in muscle coordination, that does the job of monitoring self-initiated movements and anticipating their consequences. What the cerebellum does when you try to tickle yourself is to suppress the activation of other brain regions that would otherwise create the tickle sensation. Those other brain regions, in and near the frontal lobes, are ones that underlie moment-to-moment emotional sensations, including the sense of pleasure that serves to reinforce behavior that your brain deems worth encouraging. So the success or failure of a tickle depends on a skill of distinguishing the consequences of your own decisions from unexpected events intitiated outside your brain. That's a skill that it's easy to take for granted, but it's crucial for a normal awareness of reality.

What if the routine consequences of self-willed movements always came as a shock? What if you couldn't tell the difference between your own ideas and the voice of a stranger inside your head? What if you imagined your thoughts and actions were controlled by an outside force? Confusions like that, if they last more than a split second, are called delusions and hallucinations, and they're symptoms of schizophrenia. From one perspective, this important ability can come down to a simple issue of timing. If your anticipation of the consequences of your actions is just a little off, your entire scaffolding of sanity might collapse. Be reassured, then, when an attempt at self-tickling goes nowhere. It means your brain's automatic system for making distinctions essential to your mental health is working well.