ScienceIQ.com

What Is The Pythagorean Theorem?

Pythagoras was a famous Greek mathematician. He was particularly interested in the properties of triangles, and discovered a simple, fundamental relationship between the lengths of the sides of right triangles. The theory that he put forward from this relationship became fundamental to the practice of geometry (from the Greek words egeosi and ...

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PythagoreanTheorem
Biology

The Ants Go Marching One by One, Hurrah!

Have you ever wondered how ants know the way from one place to another? Even when you remove them all, they are right back to the trail they were on before as if there were an invisible road telling ... Continue reading

AntsMarching
Astronomy

318 Times as Massive as Earth

What is 318 times more massive than Earth? Jupiter, the fifth planet from the Sun (next in line after Earth and Mars). Jupiter is the largest planet in our Solar System. If you decided to take a ... Continue reading

Jupiter
Biology

Wise As An Owl

Are owls the smartest birds? According to trainers that work with them, not by a long shot. Parrots are easy to train and can have extensive vocabularies. Hawks can be taught to retrieve objects. Even ... Continue reading

WiseAsAnOwl
Astronomy

Dark Matter Mystery

While carefully measuring the speed of rotation of galaxies, astronomers stumbled upon a profound cosmic mystery. Determining the gravity of the galaxy. They could estimate what the rotation speed ... Continue reading

DarkMatter

A Tickle is All in the Timing

TickleIt's often been noted that no matter how hard you might try, you can't tickle yourself. Why not? Whether it's your finger or someone else's, a prod in the ribs is a prod in the ribs. Why should only one of two objectively identical stimuli evoke a tickle response? The answer lies in the fact that it's your brain that creates the sensations of a tickle, not your ribs. Every second of your waking life, your brain is making predictions about the consequences of your own movements, so that it knows what it has to react to and what it can ignore. As long as the actual incoming sensory information matches the anticipated sensory consequences of self-initiated movements, it's tuned out, or at least turned down.

Brain scanning technology allows us to see what's going on in the brain when that happens. It appears to be a part of the brain called the cerebellum, a brain stem structure generally involved in muscle coordination, that does the job of monitoring self-initiated movements and anticipating their consequences. What the cerebellum does when you try to tickle yourself is to suppress the activation of other brain regions that would otherwise create the tickle sensation. Those other brain regions, in and near the frontal lobes, are ones that underlie moment-to-moment emotional sensations, including the sense of pleasure that serves to reinforce behavior that your brain deems worth encouraging. So the success or failure of a tickle depends on a skill of distinguishing the consequences of your own decisions from unexpected events intitiated outside your brain. That's a skill that it's easy to take for granted, but it's crucial for a normal awareness of reality.

What if the routine consequences of self-willed movements always came as a shock? What if you couldn't tell the difference between your own ideas and the voice of a stranger inside your head? What if you imagined your thoughts and actions were controlled by an outside force? Confusions like that, if they last more than a split second, are called delusions and hallucinations, and they're symptoms of schizophrenia. From one perspective, this important ability can come down to a simple issue of timing. If your anticipation of the consequences of your actions is just a little off, your entire scaffolding of sanity might collapse. Be reassured, then, when an attempt at self-tickling goes nowhere. It means your brain's automatic system for making distinctions essential to your mental health is working well.