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What Elements Are Required By Animals And Plants For Survival?

An understanding of our fragile environment can begin with a recognition of the importance of certain elements, commonly called 'mineral substances' (such as iron and zinc), in the lives of humans and animals and in the soils that support plants. This recognition is well deserved because these elements are essential for the life or optimum health ...

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AnimalsPlantsSurvival
Engineering

Snakebots Coming Your Way

Early robots were stiff, clumsy machines that plodded in straight lines. More modern robots can be radio controlled and move with much more grace and precision. Snakebots, though, can weave through ... Continue reading

Snakebots
Geology

The World's Biggest Popsicle

Stored in a commercial freezer in France, along with quite a lot of frozen meat and cheese, is about 15 kilometers' worth of ice cores, taken from glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica. Each giant ... Continue reading

TheWorldsBiggestPopsicle
Geology

Global Warming?

The contiguous United States experienced its 16th coolest summer on record and seventh coolest August, according to scientists at NOAA Climatic Data Center in Asheville, N.C. While much of the West, ... Continue reading

GlobalWarming
Geology

CALIPSO in 2004

From reports of increasing temperatures, thinning mountain glaciers and rising sea level, scientists know that Earth's climate is changing. But the processes behind these changes are not as clear. Two ... Continue reading

CALIPSOin2004

Crater Lake

CraterLakeCrater Lake: overwhelmingly yet sublimely beautiful. Moody. At times brilliantly blue, ominously somber; at other times buried in a mass of brooding clouds. The lake is magical, enchanting - a remnant of fiery times, a reflector of its adjacent forested slopes, a product of Nature's grand design.

Few places on earth command overwhelming awe from observers, but Crater Lake, in south central Oregon, certainly does. Even in a region of volcanic wonders, Crater Lake can only be described in superlatives. Stories of the deep blue lake can never prepare visitors for their first breathtaking look from the brink of this 6 mile wide caldera which was created by the eruption and collapse of Mt. Mazama almost 7,000 years ago. Even seasoned travelers gasp at the twenty-mile circle of cliffs, tinted in subtle shades and fringed with hemlock, fir, and pine: all this in a lake of indescribable blue.

Today, the nation's fifth oldest national park serves to stand as a memorial to time. In 1902, Congress decided that Crater Lake and its surrounding 180,000 acres were to be 'dedicated and set apart forever as a public park or pleasure ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people of the United States.' The passing of this legislative act had been a 17 year effort, championed by Crater Lake's primary promoter, William G. Steel. The act (16 USC 121) also required that measures be taken for the 'preservation of the natural objects....the protection of the timber....the preservation of all kinds of game and fish,' and as well as for use by 'scientists, excursionists, and pleasure seekers.'