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Introduction to Constellations

'Constellation' is the name we give to seeming patterns of starsin the night sky. 'Stella' is the Latin word for star and a constellation is a grouping of stars. In general, the stars in these groups are not actually close to each other in space, they just appear to be close when viewed from Earth. If we could travel by spaceship to another part of ...

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IntroductiontoConstellations
Biology

Beluga Whales

Beluga whales inhabit the Arctic and subarctic regions of Russia, Greenland, and North America. Some populations are strongly migratory, moving north in the spring and south in the fall as the ice ... Continue reading

BelugaWhales
Engineering

High Altitude

Have you ever read the directions on a box of cake mix? There are special instructions for high-altitude baking. Has anyone who visited the Rocky Mountains told you how hard it was to breathe there? ... Continue reading

HighAltitude
Astronomy

Venus Is Hot Stuff

At first glance, if Earth had a twin, it would be Venus. The two planets are similar in size, mass, composition, and distance from the Sun. But there the similarities end. Venus has no ocean. Venus is ... Continue reading

VenusIsHotStuff
Medicine

What Is a Bruise?

A bruise is a deposit of blood under the skin. It flows from tiny capillaries that break when you bump your shin on the furniture or take the batter's pop fly in the eye. The injury starts out looking ... Continue reading

WhatIsaBruise

Did You Smell Something?

SmellThere's not a moment of our lives when smells -- or, more precisely, odor molecules -- aren't impacting our brain. It's been estimated that it takes at least 40 molecules of a given odor for us to be aware of a smell. But each one of our receptor cells can fire in response to as little as a single odor molecule wafting through the air. So even if we think we're not smelling anything, our brain may disagree.

Many studies have shown that your brain reacts to smells whether or not you're aware of them. Undetected odors can alter your brain's electrical activity, according to EEG readings, and can trigger measurable physiological reactions such as changes in body temperature and heart rate. In one experiment, the part of the brain that reacted to the odor molecules was a region responsible for focusing attention and directing awareness. It seems that our brain may be aware of smells and attending to them whether or not our conscious mind is paying attention!