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Tick-Tock Atomic Clock

Modern navigators rely on atomic clocks. Instead of old-style springs or pendulums, the natural resonances of atoms -- usually cesium or rubidium -- provide the steady 'tick' of an atomic clock. The best ones on Earth lose no more than one second in millions of years. Sailers, truck drivers, soldiers, hikers, and pilots ... they all rely on atomic ...

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AtomicClock
Physics

The Physics of Sandcastles

Give a plastic bucket and a shovel to a child, then turn her loose on a beach full of sand. She'll happily toil the day away building the sandcastle to end all sandcastles. It's pure fun. It's also ... Continue reading

Sandcastles
Engineering

How Can A Bullet-proof Vest Stop A Bullet?

Here's an experiment: take the small coil springs from a dozen or so retractable pens and roll them together in a heap until they are thoroughly tangled and entwined. Now try to pull them apart from ... Continue reading

BulletproofVestStopABullet
Geology

A Great Sunset Takes A Few Clouds

Although the twilight sky can certainly inspire awe even when it is devoid of clouds, the most memorable sunsets tend to be those with at least a few clouds. Clouds catch the last red-orange rays of ... Continue reading

AGreatSunsetTakesAFewClouds
Engineering

Alloys

Water is a clear colorless liquid. So is methanol. If one were to take a quantity of methanol and pour it into some water, the result is also a clear colorless liquid. But this one is something new; a ... Continue reading

Alloys

Throw Out Your Thermometer

ThermometerIf you're out camping, and you've left your favorite thermometer at home, how can you figure out the temperature? Not the most earth-shaking problem, we admit, but there is an all natural way to find out the air temperature. Listen to a cricket.

Just count the chirps of the common snowy tree cricket (Oecanthus fultoni) for fifteen seconds and add 40. This will give you a pretty close approximation (usually within one degree) of the ambient temperature in Fahrenheit degrees. For Celsius, count for eight seconds and add 5. The trick works with other crickets as well, with a little tweaking of the numbers.

Only male crickets make the familiar chirping sound. Some say it's by rubbing their legs together; some say it's their wings. Like all anthropoids, crickets are cold-blooded, and hence their metabolism is directly affected by their body temperature. As their body temperature goes down, their metabolic rate goes down, and so does the rate of their chirping. As the temperature warms up, the rate of chirping picks up too. What is so interesting is that in order to be an effective gauge of temperature, all male crickets must be chirping at the same rate, which means a very tight relationship between the insect's metabolic rate and the ambient air temperature.