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The Fourth State of Matter

There are three classic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas; however, plasma is considered by some scientists to be the fourth state of matter. The plasma state is not related to blood plasma, the most common usage of the word; rather, the term has been used in physics since the 1920s to represent an ionized gas. Space plasma physics became an ...

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ForthState
Astronomy

Ancient Planet in a Globular Cluster Core

Long before our Sun and Earth ever existed, a Jupiter-sized planet formed around a sun-like star. Now, 13 billion years later, NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has precisely measured the mass of this ... Continue reading

GlobularClusterCore
Medicine

Why Is Blood Pressure Two Numbers?

Blood pressure might better be called heart pressure, for the heart's pumping action creates it. To measure blood pressure, health workers determine how hard the blood is pushing at two different ... Continue reading

WhyIsBloodPressureTwoNumbers
Biology

The Razor-sharp Surgeonfish

As any diver can tell you, the waters under the sea can be beautiful and dangerous. The oceans are full of venemous fish, sharks, stinging jellies, manta rays and an assortment of spiny urchins and ... Continue reading

RazorsharpSurgeonfish
Biology

Does Your Beagle Have A Belly Button?

Our navels, also know as belly buttons, are scars left over from our umbilical cords. While in the mother's womb, a baby receives food and oxygen and rids itself of waste through the umbilical cord. ... Continue reading

BeagleBellyButton

Vitreous Humor, Sclera and Other Yukky Eye Stuff

HumanEyeEyes are one of the most complex organs humans have. In fact the optic nerve connection to the brain is so complex and delicate that no one has ever succeeded in transplanting the whole eye (the cornea, the clear covering on the front part of the eye, has been successfully transplanted).

The front of the eye consists of a 'pupil' – an opening in the middle of the eyeball which is surrounded by the 'iris' – the muscle-like part that adjusts the size of the pupil opening depending on the amount of incident light (it also defines the color of the eye), and the white 'sclera' on the periphery. Behind the pupil is the 'lens', which focuses the image of the outside world onto the retina at the back of the eye. Light intensity and the color of the picture is then converted into electric signals and sent to the brain via the optic nerve. The eyeball is filled with a transparent, slimy, gel-like substance called 'vitreous humor'.

Ah, and let's not forget the eye-lids, which blink 10 to 15 times a minute to wash away dust and keep our eyes moist. The blink rate actually depends on our emotional state too. It increases when we like someone, or when we feel uncomfortable, stressed or frightened.